
/***************************************************************************
 * scan_engine_raw.cc -- includes helper functions for scan_engine.cc that *
 * are related to port scanning using raw (IP, Ethernet) packets.          *
 *                                                                         *
 ***********************IMPORTANT NMAP LICENSE TERMS************************
 *                                                                         *
 * The Nmap Security Scanner is (C) 1996-2019 Insecure.Com LLC ("The Nmap  *
 * Project"). Nmap is also a registered trademark of the Nmap Project.     *
 * This program is free software; you may redistribute and/or modify it    *
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the   *
 * Free Software Foundation; Version 2 ("GPL"), BUT ONLY WITH ALL OF THE   *
 * CLARIFICATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS DESCRIBED HEREIN.  This guarantees your   *
 * right to use, modify, and redistribute this software under certain      *
 * conditions.  If you wish to embed Nmap technology into proprietary      *
 * software, we sell alternative licenses (contact sales@nmap.com).        *
 * Dozens of software vendors already license Nmap technology such as      *
 * host discovery, port scanning, OS detection, version detection, and     *
 * the Nmap Scripting Engine.                                              *
 *                                                                         *
 * Note that the GPL places important restrictions on "derivative works",  *
 * yet it does not provide a detailed definition of that term.  To avoid   *
 * misunderstandings, we interpret that term as broadly as copyright law   *
 * allows.  For example, we consider an application to constitute a        *
 * derivative work for the purpose of this license if it does any of the   *
 * following with any software or content covered by this license          *
 * ("Covered Software"):                                                   *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Integrates source code from Covered Software.                         *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Reads or includes copyrighted data files, such as Nmap's nmap-os-db   *
 * or nmap-service-probes.                                                 *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Is designed specifically to execute Covered Software and parse the    *
 * results (as opposed to typical shell or execution-menu apps, which will *
 * execute anything you tell them to).                                     *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Includes Covered Software in a proprietary executable installer.  The *
 * installers produced by InstallShield are an example of this.  Including *
 * Nmap with other software in compressed or archival form does not        *
 * trigger this provision, provided appropriate open source decompression  *
 * or de-archiving software is widely available for no charge.  For the    *
 * purposes of this license, an installer is considered to include Covered *
 * Software even if it actually retrieves a copy of Covered Software from  *
 * another source during runtime (such as by downloading it from the       *
 * Internet).                                                              *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Links (statically or dynamically) to a library which does any of the  *
 * above.                                                                  *
 *                                                                         *
 * o Executes a helper program, module, or script to do any of the above.  *
 *                                                                         *
 * This list is not exclusive, but is meant to clarify our interpretation  *
 * of derived works with some common examples.  Other people may interpret *
 * the plain GPL differently, so we consider this a special exception to   *
 * the GPL that we apply to Covered Software.  Works which meet any of     *
 * these conditions must conform to all of the terms of this license,      *
 * particularly including the GPL Section 3 requirements of providing      *
 * source code and allowing free redistribution of the work as a whole.    *
 *                                                                         *
 * As another special exception to the GPL terms, the Nmap Project grants  *
 * permission to link the code of this program with any version of the     *
 * OpenSSL library which is distributed under a license identical to that  *
 * listed in the included docs/licenses/OpenSSL.txt file, and distribute   *
 * linked combinations including the two.                                  *
 *                                                                         *
 * The Nmap Project has permission to redistribute Npcap, a packet         *
 * capturing driver and library for the Microsoft Windows platform.        *
 * Npcap is a separate work with it's own license rather than this Nmap    *
 * license.  Since the Npcap license does not permit redistribution        *
 * without special permission, our Nmap Windows binary packages which      *
 * contain Npcap may not be redistributed without special permission.      *
 *                                                                         *
 * Any redistribution of Covered Software, including any derived works,    *
 * must obey and carry forward all of the terms of this license, including *
 * obeying all GPL rules and restrictions.  For example, source code of    *
 * the whole work must be provided and free redistribution must be         *
 * allowed.  All GPL references to "this License", are to be treated as    *
 * including the terms and conditions of this license text as well.        *
 *                                                                         *
 * Because this license imposes special exceptions to the GPL, Covered     *
 * Work may not be combined (even as part of a larger work) with plain GPL *
 * software.  The terms, conditions, and exceptions of this license must   *
 * be included as well.  This license is incompatible with some other open *
 * source licenses as well.  In some cases we can relicense portions of    *
 * Nmap or grant special permissions to use it in other open source        *
 * software.  Please contact fyodor@nmap.org with any such requests.       *
 * Similarly, we don't incorporate incompatible open source software into  *
 * Covered Software without special permission from the copyright holders. *
 *                                                                         *
 * If you have any questions about the licensing restrictions on using     *
 * Nmap in other works, we are happy to help.  As mentioned above, we also *
 * offer an alternative license to integrate Nmap into proprietary         *
 * applications and appliances.  These contracts have been sold to dozens  *
 * of software vendors, and generally include a perpetual license as well  *
 * as providing support and updates.  They also fund the continued         *
 * development of Nmap.  Please email sales@nmap.com for further           *
 * information.                                                            *
 *                                                                         *
 * If you have received a written license agreement or contract for        *
 * Covered Software stating terms other than these, you may choose to use  *
 * and redistribute Covered Software under those terms instead of these.   *
 *                                                                         *
 * Source is provided to this software because we believe users have a     *
 * right to know exactly what a program is going to do before they run it. *
 * This also allows you to audit the software for security holes.          *
 *                                                                         *
 * Source code also allows you to port Nmap to new platforms, fix bugs,    *
 * and add new features.  You are highly encouraged to send your changes   *
 * to the dev@nmap.org mailing list for possible incorporation into the    *
 * main distribution.  By sending these changes to Fyodor or one of the    *
 * Insecure.Org development mailing lists, or checking them into the Nmap  *
 * source code repository, it is understood (unless you specify            *
 * otherwise) that you are offering the Nmap Project the unlimited,        *
 * non-exclusive right to reuse, modify, and relicense the code.  Nmap     *
 * will always be available Open Source, but this is important because     *
 * the inability to relicense code has caused devastating problems for     *
 * other Free Software projects (such as KDE and NASM).  We also           *
 * occasionally relicense the code to third parties as discussed above.    *
 * If you wish to specify special license conditions of your               *
 * contributions, just say so when you send them.                          *
 *                                                                         *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but     *
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of              *
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the Nmap      *
 * license file for more details (it's in a COPYING file included with     *
 * Nmap, and also available from https://svn.nmap.org/nmap/COPYING)        *
 *                                                                         *
 ***************************************************************************/

/* $Id$ */

#include "nmap_error.h"
#include "NmapOps.h"
#include "Target.h"
#include "payload.h"
#include "scan_engine.h"
#include "scan_engine_raw.h"
#include "struct_ip.h"
#include "tcpip.h"
#include "utils.h"
#include <string>

#ifndef IPPROTO_SCTP
#include "libnetutil/netutil.h"
#endif

extern NmapOps o;

u16 UltraProbe::sport() const {
  switch (mypspec.proto) {
    case IPPROTO_TCP:
      return probes.IP.pd.tcp.sport;
    case IPPROTO_UDP:
      return probes.IP.pd.udp.sport;
    case IPPROTO_SCTP:
      return probes.IP.pd.sctp.sport;
    default:
      return 0;
  }
  /* not reached */
}

u16 UltraProbe::dport() const {
  switch (mypspec.proto) {
    case IPPROTO_TCP:
      return mypspec.pd.tcp.dport;
    case IPPROTO_UDP:
      return mypspec.pd.udp.dport;
    case IPPROTO_SCTP:
      return mypspec.pd.sctp.dport;
    default:
      /* dport() can get called for other protos if we
       * get ICMP responses during IP proto scans. */
      return 0;
  }
  /* not reached */
}

/* Pass an arp packet, including ethernet header. Must be 42bytes */

void UltraProbe::setARP(u8 *arppkt, u32 arplen) {
  type = UP_ARP;
  mypspec.type = PS_ARP;
  return;
}

void UltraProbe::setND(u8 *ndpkt, u32 ndlen) {
  type = UP_ND;
  mypspec.type = PS_ND;
  return;
}

/* Sets this UltraProbe as type UP_IP and creates & initializes the
    internal IPProbe.  The relevant probespec is necessary for setIP
    because pspec.type is ambiguous with just the ippacket (e.g. a
    tcp packet could be PS_PROTO or PS_TCP). */
void UltraProbe::setIP(u8 *ippacket, u32 len, const probespec *pspec) {
  struct ip *ip = (struct ip *) ippacket;
  struct tcp_hdr *tcp = NULL;
  struct udp_hdr *udp = NULL;
  struct sctp_hdr *sctp = NULL;
  struct ppkt *icmp = NULL;
  const void *data;
  u8 hdr;

  type = UP_IP;
  if (ip->ip_v == 4) {
    data = ipv4_get_data(ip, &len);
    assert(data != NULL);
    assert(len + ip->ip_hl * 4 == (u32) ntohs(ip->ip_len));
    probes.IP.ipid = ntohs(ip->ip_id);
    hdr = ip->ip_p;
  } else if (ip->ip_v == 6) {
    const struct ip6_hdr *ip6 = (struct ip6_hdr *) ippacket;
    data = ipv6_get_data_any(ip6, &len, &hdr);
    assert(data != NULL);
    assert(len == (u32) ntohs(ip6->ip6_plen));
    probes.IP.ipid = ntohl(ip6->ip6_flow & IP6_FLOWLABEL_MASK);
    hdr = ip6->ip6_nxt;
  } else {
    fatal("Bogus packet passed to %s -- only IP packets allowed", __func__);
  }

  if (hdr == IPPROTO_TCP) {
    assert(len >= sizeof(struct tcp_hdr));
    tcp = (struct tcp_hdr *) data;
    probes.IP.pd.tcp.sport = ntohs(tcp->th_sport);
    probes.IP.pd.tcp.seq = ntohl(tcp->th_seq);
  } else if (hdr == IPPROTO_UDP) {
    assert(len >= sizeof(struct udp_hdr));
    udp = (struct udp_hdr *) data;
    probes.IP.pd.udp.sport = ntohs(udp->uh_sport);
  } else if (hdr == IPPROTO_SCTP) {
    assert(len >= sizeof(struct sctp_hdr));
    sctp = (struct sctp_hdr *) data;
    probes.IP.pd.sctp.sport = ntohs(sctp->sh_sport);
    probes.IP.pd.sctp.vtag = ntohl(sctp->sh_vtag);
  } else if ((ip->ip_v == 4 && hdr == IPPROTO_ICMP) || (ip->ip_v == 6 && hdr == IPPROTO_ICMPV6)) {
    assert(len >= sizeof(struct ppkt));
    icmp = (struct ppkt *) data;
    probes.IP.pd.icmp.ident = ntohs(icmp->id);
  }

  mypspec = *pspec;
  return;
}

u16 UltraProbe::icmpid() const {
  assert(mypspec.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP || mypspec.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6);
  return probes.IP.pd.icmp.ident;
}

u32 UltraProbe::tcpseq() const {
  if (mypspec.proto == IPPROTO_TCP)
    return probes.IP.pd.tcp.seq;
  else
    fatal("Bogus seq number request to %s -- type is %s", __func__,
          pspectype2ascii(mypspec.type));

  return 0; // Unreached
}

u32 UltraProbe::sctpvtag() const {
  assert(mypspec.proto == IPPROTO_SCTP);
  return probes.IP.pd.sctp.vtag;
}



/* We encode per-probe information like the tryno and pingseq in the source
   port, for protocols that use ports. (Except when o.magic_port_set is
   true--then we honor the requested source port.) The tryno and pingseq are
   encoded as offsets from base_port, a base source port number (see
   sport_encode and sport_decode). To avoid interpreting a late response from a
   previous invocation of ultra_scan as a response for the same port in the
   current invocation, we increase base_port by a healthy amount designed to be
   greater than any offset likely to be used by a probe, each time ultra_scan is
   run.

   If we don't increase the base port, then there is the risk of something like
   the following happening:
     1. Nmap sends an ICMP echo and a TCP ACK probe to port 80 for host discovery.
     2. Nmap receives an ICMP echo reply and marks the host up.
     3. Nmap sends a TCP SYN probe to port 80 for port scanning.
     4. Nmap finally receives a delayed TCP RST in response to its earlier ACK
        probe, and wrongly marks port 80 as closed. */
static u16 base_port;
/* Clamp n to the range [min, max) in a modular fashion. */
static int mod_offset(int n, int min, int max) {
  assert(min < max);
  n = (n - min) % (max - min);
  if (n < 0)
    n += max - min;
  return n + min;
}
/* Change base_port to a new number in a safe port range that is unlikely to
   conflict with nearby past or future invocations of ultra_scan. */
void increment_base_port() {
  static bool initialized = false;

  if (!initialized) {
    base_port = mod_offset(get_random_uint(), 33000, 65536 - 256);
    initialized = true;
  } else {
    base_port = mod_offset(base_port + 256, 33000, 65536 - 256);
  }
}

/* The try number or ping sequence number can be encoded into a TCP SEQ or ACK
   field. This returns a 32-bit number which encodes both of these values along
   with a simple checksum. Decoding is done by seq32_decode. */
static u32 seq32_encode(UltraScanInfo *USI, unsigned int trynum,
                        unsigned int pingseq) {
  u32 seq;
  u16 nfo;

  /* We'll let trynum and pingseq each be 8 bits. */
  nfo = (pingseq << 8) + trynum;
  /* Mirror the data to ensure it is reconstructed correctly. */
  seq = (nfo << 16) + nfo;
  /* Obfuscate it a little */
  seq = seq ^ USI->seqmask;

  return seq;
}

/* Undoes seq32_encode. This extracts a try number and a port number from a
   32-bit value. Returns true if the checksum is correct, false otherwise. */
static bool seq32_decode(const UltraScanInfo *USI, u32 seq,
                         unsigned int *trynum, unsigned int *pingseq) {
  if (trynum)
    *trynum = 0;
  if (pingseq)
    *pingseq = 0;

  /* Undo the mask xor. */
  seq = seq ^ USI->seqmask;
  /* Check that both sides are the same. */
  if ((seq >> 16) != (seq & 0xFFFF))
    return false;

  if (trynum)
    *trynum = seq & 0xFF;
  if (pingseq)
    *pingseq = (seq & 0xFF00) >> 8;

  return true;
}

/* The try number or ping sequence number can be encoded in the source port
   number. This returns a new port number that contains a try number or ping
   sequence number encoded into the given port number. trynum and pingseq may
   not both be non-zero. Decoding is done by sport_decode. */
static u16 sport_encode(UltraScanInfo *USI, u16 base_portno, unsigned int trynum,
                        unsigned int pingseq) {
  u16 portno;

  /* trynum and pingseq both being non-zero is not currently supported. */
  assert(trynum == 0 || pingseq == 0);

  portno = base_portno;
  if (pingseq > 0) {
    /* Encode the pingseq. trynum = 0. */
    portno += USI->perf.tryno_cap + pingseq;
  } else {
    /* Encode the trynum. pingseq = 0. */
    portno += trynum;
  }

  return portno;
}

/* Undoes sport_encode. This extracts a try number and ping sequence number from
   a port number given a "base" port number (the one given to
   sport_encode). Returns true if the decoded values seem reasonable, false
   otherwise. */
static bool sport_decode(const UltraScanInfo *USI, u16 base_portno, u16 portno,
                         unsigned int *trynum, unsigned int *pingseq) {
  unsigned int t;

  t = portno - base_portno;
  if (t > USI->perf.tryno_cap + 256) {
    return false;
  } else if (t > USI->perf.tryno_cap) {
    /* The ping sequence number was encoded. */
    if (pingseq)
      *pingseq = t - USI->perf.tryno_cap;
    if (trynum)
      *trynum = 0;
  } else {
    /* The try number was encoded. */
    if (pingseq)
      *pingseq = 0;
    if (trynum)
      *trynum = t;
  }

  return true;
}



static bool icmp_probe_match(const UltraScanInfo *USI, const UltraProbe *probe,
                             const struct ppkt *ping,
                             const struct sockaddr_storage *target_src,
                             const struct sockaddr_storage *src,
                             const struct sockaddr_storage *dst,
                             u8 proto,
                             u32 ipid) {
  /* Check if it is ICMP or ICMPV6. */
  if (probe->protocol() != IPPROTO_ICMPV6 && probe->protocol() != IPPROTO_ICMP)
    return false;

  /* Ensure the connection info matches. */
  if (sockaddr_storage_cmp(target_src, dst) != 0)
    return false;

  /* Don't match a timestamp request with an echo reply, for example. */
  if (proto == IPPROTO_ICMP &&
      ((ping->type == 0 && probe->pspec()->pd.icmp.type != 8) ||
       (ping->type == 14 && probe->pspec()->pd.icmp.type != 13) ||
       (ping->type == 18 && probe->pspec()->pd.icmp.type != 17)))
    return false;
  if (proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6 &&
      (ping->type == 129 && probe->pspec()->pd.icmpv6.type != 128))
    return false;

  /* Sometimes we get false results when scanning localhost with
     -p- because we scan localhost with src port = dst port and
     see our outgoing packet and think it is a response. */
  if (probe->dport() == probe->sport() &&
      sockaddr_storage_cmp(src, dst) == 0 &&
      probe->ipid() == ipid)
    return false; /* We saw the packet we ourselves sent */

  /* Check that the randomly-generated ping ident matches. */
  if (ntohs(ping->id) != probe->icmpid())
    return false;

  return true;
}

static bool tcp_probe_match(const UltraScanInfo *USI, const UltraProbe *probe,
                            const HostScanStats *hss, const struct tcp_hdr *tcp,
                            const struct sockaddr_storage *src, const struct sockaddr_storage *dst,
                            u32 ipid) {
  const struct probespec_tcpdata *probedata;
  struct sockaddr_storage srcaddr;
  size_t srcaddr_len;
  unsigned int tryno, pingseq;
  bool goodseq;

  if (probe->protocol() != IPPROTO_TCP)
    return false;

  srcaddr_len = sizeof(srcaddr);
  hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&srcaddr, &srcaddr_len);
  /* Ensure the connection info matches. */
  if (probe->dport() != ntohs(tcp->th_sport)
      || probe->sport() != ntohs(tcp->th_dport)
      || sockaddr_storage_cmp(&srcaddr, dst) != 0)
    return false;

  tryno = 0;
  pingseq = 0;
  if (o.magic_port_set) {
    /* We are looking to recover the tryno and pingseq of the probe, which are
       encoded in the ACK field for probes with the ACK flag set and in the SEQ
       field for all other probes. According to RFC 793, section 3.9, under
       "SEGMENT ARRIVES", it's supposed to work like this: If our probe had ACK
       set, our ACK number is reflected in the response's SEQ field. If our
       probe had SYN or FIN set (and not ACK), then our SEQ is one less than the
       returned ACK value because SYN and FIN consume a sequence number (section
       3.3). Otherwise, our SEQ is the returned ACK.

       However, nmap-os-db shows that these assumptions can't be relied on, so
       we try all three possibilities for each probe. */
    goodseq = seq32_decode(USI, ntohl(tcp->th_ack) - 1, &tryno, &pingseq)
              || seq32_decode(USI, ntohl(tcp->th_ack), &tryno, &pingseq)
              || seq32_decode(USI, ntohl(tcp->th_seq), &tryno, &pingseq);
  } else {
    /* Get the values from the destination port (our source port). */
    sport_decode(USI, base_port, ntohs(tcp->th_dport), &tryno, &pingseq);
    goodseq = true;
  }

  if (!goodseq) {
    /* Connection info matches, but there was a nonsensical tryno/pingseq. */
    if (o.debugging)
      log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "Bad Sequence number from host %s.\n", inet_ntop_ez(src, sizeof(*src)));
    return false;
  }

  /* Make sure that trynum and pingseq match the values in the probe. */
  if (!probe->check_tryno_pingseq(tryno, pingseq))
    return false;

  /* Make sure we are matching up the right kind of probe, otherwise just the
     ports, address, tryno, and pingseq can be ambiguous, between a SYN and an
     ACK probe during a -PS80 -PA80 scan for example. A SYN/ACK can only be
     matched to a SYN probe. */
  probedata = &probe->pspec()->pd.tcp;
  if ((tcp->th_flags & (TH_SYN | TH_ACK)) == (TH_SYN | TH_ACK)
      && !(probedata->flags & TH_SYN)) {
    return false;
  }

  /* Sometimes we get false results when scanning localhost with -p- because we
     scan localhost with src port = dst port and see our outgoing packet and
     think it is a response. */
  if (probe->dport() == probe->sport()
      && sockaddr_storage_cmp(src, dst) == 0
      && probe->ipid() == ipid)
    return false;

  return true;
}

/* Tries to get one *good* (finishes a probe) pcap response to a host discovery
   (ping) probe by the (absolute) time given in stime.  Even if stime is now,
   try an ultra-quick pcap read just in case.  Returns true if a "good" result
   was found, false if it timed out instead. */
int get_ping_pcap_result(UltraScanInfo *USI, struct timeval *stime) {
  bool goodone = false;
  bool timedout = false;
  bool adjust_timing = true;
  struct timeval rcvdtime;
  struct link_header linkhdr;
  struct ip *ip_tmp;
  unsigned int bytes;
  struct ppkt *ping;
  long to_usec;
  HostScanStats *hss = NULL;
  std::list<UltraProbe *>::iterator probeI;
  UltraProbe *probe = NULL;
  unsigned int trynum = 0;
  int newstate = HOST_UNKNOWN;
  unsigned int probenum;
  unsigned int listsz;
  reason_t current_reason = ER_NORESPONSE;

  struct sockaddr_storage target_src, target_dst;
  size_t ss_len;

  const void *data = NULL;
  unsigned int datalen;
  struct abstract_ip_hdr hdr;

  do {
    to_usec = TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(*stime, USI->now);
    if (to_usec < 2000)
      to_usec = 2000;
    ip_tmp = (struct ip *) readip_pcap(USI->pd, &bytes, to_usec, &rcvdtime,
                                       &linkhdr, true);
    gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);
    if (!ip_tmp) {
      if (TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(*stime, USI->now) < 0) {
        timedout = true;
        break;
      } else {
        continue;
      }
    }

    if (TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(USI->now, *stime) > 200000) {
      /* While packets are still being received, I'll be generous and give
      an extra 1/5 sec.  But we have to draw the line somewhere */
      timedout = true;
    }

    /* OK, we got a packet.  Most packet validity tests are taken care
     * of in readip_pcap, so this is simple
     */

    datalen = bytes;
    data = ip_get_data(ip_tmp, &datalen, &hdr);
    if (data == NULL)
      continue;

    /* First check if it is ICMP, TCP, or UDP */
    if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP || hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6) {
      /* if it is our response */
      ping = (struct ppkt *) data;
      if (bytes < 8U) {
        if (!ip_tmp->ip_off)
          error("Supposed ping packet is only %d bytes long!", bytes);
        continue;
      }

      current_reason = icmp_to_reason(hdr.proto, ping->type, ping->code);

      /* Echo reply, Timestamp reply, or Address Mask Reply. RFCs 792 and 950. */
      /* ICMPv6 Echo reply */
      if (USI->ptech.rawicmpscan
          && ((hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP && (ping->type == 0 || ping->type == 14 || ping->type == 18))
              || (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6 && ping->type == 129))) {
        hss = USI->findHost(&hdr.src);
        if (!hss)
          continue; // Not from a host that interests us
        setTargetMACIfAvailable(hss->target, &linkhdr, &hdr.src, 0);
        probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
        listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();

        ss_len = sizeof(target_src);
        hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&target_src, &ss_len);

        /* A check for weird_responses is needed here. This is not currently
           possible because we don't have a good way to look up the original
           target of an ICMP probe based on the response. (massping encoded an
           array index in the ICMP sequence, which won't work here.) Once we've
           found the host that sent the probe that elicited the response, the
           test for weird_responses is
              if (sending_host->v4host().s_addr != ip->ip_src.s_addr)
                hss->target->weird_responses++;
           (That is, the target that sent the probe is not the same one that
           sent the response.)
         */

        goodone = false;

        /* Find the probe that provoked this response. */
        for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
          probeI--;
          probe = *probeI;

          if (!icmp_probe_match(USI, probe, ping, &target_src, &hdr.src, &hdr.dst, hdr.proto, hdr.ipid))
            continue;

          goodone = true;
          newstate = HOST_UP;

          if (o.debugging)
            log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "We got a ping packet back from %s: id = %d seq = %d checksum = %d\n", inet_ntop_ez(&hdr.src, sizeof(hdr.src)), ping->id, ping->seq, ping->checksum);
        }
      }
      // For ICMP, the reply of TCP/UDP/ICMP packets can be Destination unreachable, source quench, or time exceeded
      /* For ICMPv6, the reply of TCP/UDP/ICMPV6 packets can be Destination Unreachable,
       * Packet Too Big, Time Exceeded and Parameter Problem.*/
      else if ((hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP && (ping->type == 3 || ping->type
                                              == 4 || ping->type == 11))
               || (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6 && (ping->type == 1 || ping->type == 2
                   || ping->type == 3 || ping->type == 4))) {
        const void *encaps_data;
        unsigned int encaps_len;
        struct abstract_ip_hdr encaps_hdr;

        if (datalen < 8)
          continue;

        encaps_len = datalen - 8;
        encaps_data = ip_get_data((char *) data + 8, &encaps_len, &encaps_hdr);
        if (encaps_data == NULL ||
            /* UDP hdr, or TCP hdr up to seq #, or SCTP hdr up to vtag */
            ((USI->tcp_scan || USI->udp_scan || USI->sctp_scan) && encaps_len < 8)
            /* prot scan has no headers coming back, so we don't reserve the
               8 extra bytes */
           ) {
          if (o.debugging)
            error("Received short ICMP or ICMPv6 packet (%u bytes)", datalen);
          continue;
        }

        /* Bail out early if possible. */
        if (!USI->ptech.rawprotoscan) {
          if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP && !USI->ptech.rawicmpscan)
            continue;
          if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6 && !USI->ptech.rawicmpscan)
            continue;
          if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_TCP && !USI->ptech.rawtcpscan)
            continue;
          if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_UDP && !USI->ptech.rawudpscan)
            continue;
          if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_SCTP && !USI->ptech.rawsctpscan)
            continue;
        }

        hss = USI->findHost(&encaps_hdr.dst);
        if (!hss)
          continue; // Not referring to a host that interests us
        setTargetMACIfAvailable(hss->target, &linkhdr, &encaps_hdr.dst, 0);
        probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
        listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();

        ss_len = sizeof(target_src);
        hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&target_src, &ss_len);
        ss_len = sizeof(target_dst);
        hss->target->TargetSockAddr(&target_dst, &ss_len);

        /* Find the probe that provoked this response. */
        for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz; probenum++) {
          probeI--;
          probe = *probeI;

          if (probe->protocol() != encaps_hdr.proto ||
              sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_src, &hdr.dst) != 0 ||
              sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_src, &encaps_hdr.src) != 0 ||
              sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &encaps_hdr.dst) != 0 ||
              ((probe->protocol() == IPPROTO_ICMP || probe->protocol() == IPPROTO_ICMPV6) &&
               ntohs(ping->id) != probe->icmpid()))
            continue;

          if ((encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP || encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6)
              && USI->ptech.rawicmpscan) {
            /* The response was based on a ping packet we sent */
          } else if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_TCP && USI->ptech.rawtcpscan) {
            struct tcp_hdr *tcp = (struct tcp_hdr *) encaps_data;
            if (probe->dport() != ntohs(tcp->th_dport) ||
                probe->sport() != ntohs(tcp->th_sport) ||
                probe->tcpseq() != ntohl(tcp->th_seq))
              continue;
          } else if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_UDP && USI->ptech.rawudpscan) {
            struct udp_hdr *udp = (struct udp_hdr *) encaps_data;
            if (probe->dport() != ntohs(udp->uh_dport) ||
                probe->sport() != ntohs(udp->uh_sport))
              continue;
          } else if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_SCTP && USI->ptech.rawsctpscan) {
            struct sctp_hdr *sctp = (struct sctp_hdr *) encaps_data;
            if (probe->dport() != ntohs(sctp->sh_dport) ||
                probe->sport() != ntohs(sctp->sh_sport) ||
                probe->sctpvtag() != ntohl(sctp->sh_vtag))
              continue;
          } else if (USI->ptech.rawprotoscan) {
            /* Success; we already know that the address and protocol match. */
          } else {
            assert(0);
          }

          /* If we made it this far, we found it. We don't yet know if it's
             going to change a host state (goodone) or not. */
          break;
        }
        /* Did we fail to find a probe? */
        if (probenum >= listsz)
          continue;

        if ((hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP && ping->type == 3)
            || (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6 && ping->type == 1)) {
          /* Destination unreachable. */
          if (sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &hdr.src) == 0) {
            /* The ICMP or ICMPv6 error came directly from the target, so it's up. */
            goodone = true;
            newstate = HOST_UP;
          } else {
            goodone = true;
            newstate = HOST_DOWN;
          }
          if (o.debugging) {
            if ((hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP && ping->code == 3)
                || (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6 && ping->code == 4))
              log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Got port unreachable for %s\n", hss->target->targetipstr());
            else
              log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Got destination unreachable for %s\n", hss->target->targetipstr());
          }
        } else if ((hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP && ping->type == 11)
                   || (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6 && ping->type == 3)) {
          if (o.debugging)
            log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Got Time Exceeded for %s\n", hss->target->targetipstr());
        } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP && ping->type == 4) {
          if (o.debugging)
            log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Got ICMP source quench\n");
          usleep(50000);
        } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6 && ping->type == 4) {
          if (o.debugging)
            log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Got ICMPv6 Parameter Problem\n");
        } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP) {
          if (o.debugging) {
            log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Got ICMP message type %d code %d\n",
                      ping->type, ping->code);
          }
        } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6) {
          if (o.debugging)
            log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Got ICMPv6 message type %d code %d\n",
                      ping->type, ping->code);
        }
      }
    } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_TCP && USI->ptech.rawtcpscan) {
      struct tcp_hdr *tcp = (struct tcp_hdr *) data;
      /* Check that the packet has useful flags. */
      if (!(tcp->th_flags & TH_RST)
          && ((tcp->th_flags & (TH_SYN | TH_ACK)) != (TH_SYN | TH_ACK)))
        continue;
      /* Now ensure this host is even in the incomplete list */
      hss = USI->findHost(&hdr.src);
      if (!hss)
        continue; // Not from a host that interests us
      setTargetMACIfAvailable(hss->target, &linkhdr, &hdr.src, 0);
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();

      goodone = false;

      /* Find the probe that provoked this response. */
      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;

        if (!tcp_probe_match(USI, probe, hss, tcp, &hdr.src, &hdr.dst, hdr.ipid))
          continue;

        goodone = true;
        newstate = HOST_UP;

        /* Fill out the reason. */
        if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_SYN) {
          if (tcp->th_flags & TH_RST) {
            current_reason = ER_RESETPEER;
          } else if ((tcp->th_flags & (TH_SYN | TH_ACK)) == (TH_SYN | TH_ACK)) {
            current_reason = ER_SYNACK;
          }
        } else if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_ACK) {
          if (tcp->th_flags & TH_RST)
            current_reason = ER_RESETPEER;
        }

        if (o.debugging)
          log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "We got a TCP ping packet back from %s port %hu (trynum = %d)\n", inet_ntop_ez(&hdr.src, sizeof(hdr.src)), ntohs(tcp->th_sport), trynum);
      }
    } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_UDP && USI->ptech.rawudpscan) {
      struct udp_hdr *udp = (struct udp_hdr *) data;
      /* Search for this host on the incomplete list */
      hss = USI->findHost(&hdr.src);
      if (!hss)
        continue; // Not from a host that interests us
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();
      goodone = false;

      ss_len = sizeof(target_src);
      hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&target_src, &ss_len);

      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;

        if (o.af() != AF_INET || probe->protocol() != IPPROTO_UDP)
          continue;

        /* Ensure the connection info matches. */
        if (probe->dport() != ntohs(udp->uh_sport) ||
            probe->sport() != ntohs(udp->uh_dport) ||
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_src, &hdr.dst) != 0)
          continue;

        /* Replace this with a call to probe_check_trynum_pingseq or similar. */
        if (o.magic_port_set) {
          trynum = probe->tryno;
        } else {
          sport_decode(USI, base_port, ntohs(udp->uh_dport), &trynum, NULL);
        }

        /* Sometimes we get false results when scanning localhost with
           -p- because we scan localhost with src port = dst port and
           see our outgoing packet and think it is a response. */
        if (probe->dport() == probe->sport() &&
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&hdr.src, &hdr.dst) == 0 &&
            probe->ipid() == hdr.ipid)
          continue; /* We saw the packet we ourselves sent */

        goodone = true;
        newstate = HOST_UP;
        current_reason = ER_UDPRESPONSE;

        if (o.debugging)
          log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "In response to UDP-ping, we got UDP packet back from %s port %hu (trynum = %d)\n", inet_ntop_ez(&hdr.src, sizeof(hdr.src)), htons(udp->uh_sport), trynum);
      }
    } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_SCTP && USI->ptech.rawsctpscan) {
      struct sctp_hdr *sctp = (struct sctp_hdr *) data;
      struct dnet_sctp_chunkhdr *chunk =
        (struct dnet_sctp_chunkhdr *) ((u8 *) sctp + 12);
      /* Search for this host on the incomplete list */
      hss = USI->findHost(&hdr.src);
      if (!hss)
        continue; // Not from a host that interests us
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();
      goodone = false;

      ss_len = sizeof(target_dst);
      hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&target_src, &ss_len);

      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;

        if (o.af() != AF_INET || probe->protocol() != IPPROTO_SCTP)
          continue;

        /* Ensure the connection info matches. */
        if (probe->dport() != ntohs(sctp->sh_sport) ||
            probe->sport() != ntohs(sctp->sh_dport) ||
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_src, &hdr.dst) != 0)
          continue;

        /* Sometimes we get false results when scanning localhost with
           -p- because we scan localhost with src port = dst port and
           see our outgoing packet and think it is a response. */
        if (probe->dport() == probe->sport() &&
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&hdr.src, &hdr.dst) == 0 &&
            probe->ipid() == hdr.ipid)
          continue; /* We saw the packet we ourselves sent */

        goodone = true;
        newstate = HOST_UP;
        if (chunk->sch_type == SCTP_INIT_ACK) {
          current_reason = ER_INITACK;
        } else if (chunk->sch_type == SCTP_ABORT) {
          current_reason = ER_ABORT;
        } else {
          current_reason = ER_UNKNOWN;
          if (o.debugging)
            log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Received scan response with unexpected SCTP chunks: n/a");
        }
      }
    } else if (!USI->ptech.rawprotoscan) {
      if (o.debugging > 2)
        error("Received packet with protocol %d; ignoring.", hdr.proto);
    }

    /* Check for a protocol reply */
    if (!goodone && USI->ptech.rawprotoscan) {
      hss = USI->findHost(&hdr.src);
      if (!hss)
        continue;
      setTargetMACIfAvailable(hss->target, &linkhdr, &hdr.src, 0);
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();
      goodone = false;
      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;

        if (probe->protocol() == hdr.proto) {
          /* if this is our probe we sent to localhost, then it doesn't count! */
          if (sockaddr_storage_cmp(&hdr.src, &hdr.dst) == 0 &&
              probe->ipid() == hdr.ipid)
            break;

          newstate = HOST_UP;
          current_reason = ER_PROTORESPONSE;
          goodone = true;
        }
      }
    }
  } while (!goodone && !timedout);

  if (goodone && newstate != HOST_UNKNOWN) {
    struct sockaddr_storage target_dst;
    size_t ss_len;

    ss_len = sizeof(target_dst);
    hss->target->TargetSockAddr(&target_dst, &ss_len);

    if (probe->isPing())
      ultrascan_ping_update(USI, hss, probeI, &USI->now, adjust_timing);
    else {
      ultrascan_host_probe_update(USI, hss, probeI, newstate, &rcvdtime, adjust_timing);
      /* If the host is up, we can forget our other probes. */
      if (newstate == HOST_UP)
        hss->destroyAllOutstandingProbes();
      if (newstate == HOST_UP && data)
        setTargetMACIfAvailable(hss->target, &linkhdr, &hdr.src, 0);
      hss->target->reason.reason_id = current_reason;
      hss->target->reason.ttl = hdr.ttl;
      if (sockaddr_storage_cmp(&hdr.src, &target_dst) != 0) {
        hss->target->reason.set_ip_addr(&hdr.src);
      }
    }
  }

  return goodone;
}

/* Initiate libpcap or some other sniffer as appropriate to be able to catch
   responses */
void begin_sniffer(UltraScanInfo *USI, std::vector<Target *> &Targets) {
  std::string pcap_filter = "";
  /* 20 IPv6 addresses is max (45 byte addy + 14 (" or src host ")) * 20 == 1180 */
  std::string dst_hosts = "";
  unsigned int len = 0;
  unsigned int targetno;
  bool doIndividual = Targets.size() <= 20; // Don't bother IP limits if scanning huge # of hosts

  if (doIndividual) {
    for (targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
      dst_hosts += (targetno == 0) ? "" : " or ";
      dst_hosts += "src host ";
      dst_hosts += Targets[targetno]->targetipstr();
    }
  }

  if ((USI->pd = my_pcap_open_live(Targets[0]->deviceName(), 256,  (o.spoofsource) ? 1 : 0, pcap_selectable_fd_valid() ? 200 : 2)) == NULL)
    fatal("%s", PCAP_OPEN_ERRMSG);

  if (USI->ping_scan_arp) {
    /* Some OSs including Windows 7 and Solaris 10 have been seen to send their
       ARP replies to the broadcast address, not to the (unicast) address that
       the request came from, therefore listening for ARP packets directed to
       us is not enough. Look inside the ARP reply at the target address field
       instead. The filter string will look like
         arp and arp[18:4] = 0xAABBCCDD and arp[22:2] = 0xEEFF */
    char macstring[2 * ETH_ADDR_LEN + 1];
    const u8 *mac = Targets[0]->SrcMACAddress();
    assert(mac);
    len = Snprintf(macstring, sizeof(macstring), "%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X",
                   mac[0], mac[1], mac[2], mac[3], mac[4], mac[5]);
    if (len != sizeof(macstring) - 1)
      fatal("macstring length is %d, should be %u", len, (unsigned)(sizeof(macstring) - 1));
    /* First four bytes of MAC. */
    pcap_filter = "arp and arp[18:4] = 0x";
    pcap_filter.append(macstring, 0, 4 * 2);
    /* Last two bytes. */
    pcap_filter += " and arp[22:2] = 0x";
    pcap_filter.append(macstring, 4 * 2, 2 * 2);
    //its not arp, so lets check if for a protocol scan.
  } else if (USI->ping_scan_nd) {
    /* Libpcap: IPv6 upper-layer protocol is not supported by proto[x] */
    /* Grab the ICMPv6 type using ip6[X:Y] syntax. This works only if there are no
       extension headers (top-level nh is IPPROTO_ICMPV6). */
    const u8 *srcmac = Targets[0]->SrcMACAddress();
    assert(srcmac);
    char filterstr[256];
    Snprintf(filterstr, 256, "icmp6 and ip6[6:1] = %u and ip6[40:1] = %u",
             IPPROTO_ICMPV6, ICMPV6_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT);
    pcap_filter.append(filterstr);
  } else if (USI->prot_scan || (USI->ping_scan && USI->ptech.rawprotoscan)) {
    struct sockaddr_storage source;
    size_t source_len;

    source_len = sizeof(source);
    Targets[0]->SourceSockAddr(&source, &source_len);

    if (doIndividual) {
      pcap_filter = "dst host ";
      pcap_filter += inet_ntop_ez(&source, sizeof(source));
      pcap_filter += " and (icmp or icmp6 or (";
      pcap_filter += dst_hosts;
      pcap_filter += "))";
    } else {
      pcap_filter = "dst host ";
      pcap_filter += inet_ntop_ez(&source, sizeof(source));
    }
  } else if (USI->tcp_scan || USI->udp_scan || USI->sctp_scan || USI->ping_scan) {
    struct sockaddr_storage source;
    size_t source_len;

    source_len = sizeof(source);
    Targets[0]->SourceSockAddr(&source, &source_len);

    /* Handle udp, tcp and sctp with one filter. */
    if (doIndividual) {
      pcap_filter = "dst host ";
      pcap_filter += inet_ntop_ez(&source, sizeof(source));
      pcap_filter += " and (icmp or icmp6 or ((tcp or udp or sctp) and (";
      pcap_filter += dst_hosts;
      pcap_filter += ")))";
    } else {
      pcap_filter = "dst host ";
      pcap_filter += inet_ntop_ez(&source, sizeof(source));
      pcap_filter += " and (icmp or icmp6 or tcp or udp or sctp)";
    }
  } else {
    assert(0);
  }
  if (o.debugging)
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "Packet capture filter (device %s): %s\n", Targets[0]->deviceFullName(), pcap_filter.c_str());
  set_pcap_filter(Targets[0]->deviceFullName(), USI->pd, pcap_filter.c_str());
  /* pcap_setnonblock(USI->pd, 1, NULL); */
  return;
}

/* If this is NOT a ping probe, set pingseq to 0.  Otherwise it will be the
   ping sequence number (they start at 1).  The probe sent is returned. */
UltraProbe *sendArpScanProbe(UltraScanInfo *USI, HostScanStats *hss,
                             u8 tryno, u8 pingseq) {
  int rc;
  UltraProbe *probe = new UltraProbe();

  /* 3 cheers for libdnet header files */
  u8 frame[ETH_HDR_LEN + ARP_HDR_LEN + ARP_ETHIP_LEN];

  eth_pack_hdr(frame, ETH_ADDR_BROADCAST, *hss->target->SrcMACAddress(),
               ETH_TYPE_ARP);
  arp_pack_hdr_ethip(frame + ETH_HDR_LEN, ARP_OP_REQUEST,
                     *hss->target->SrcMACAddress(), *hss->target->v4sourceip(),
                     "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00",  *hss->target->v4hostip());
// RFC 826 says that the ar$tha field need not be set to anything in particular (i.e. its value doesn't matter)
// We use 00:00:00:00:00:00 since that is what IP stacks in currently popular operating systems use

  gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);
  probe->sent = USI->now;
  hss->probeSent(sizeof(frame));
  if ((rc = eth_send(USI->ethsd, frame, sizeof(frame))) != sizeof(frame)) {
    int err = socket_errno();
    error("WARNING: eth_send of ARP packet returned %i rather than expected %d (errno=%i: %s)", rc, (int) sizeof(frame), err, strerror(err));
  }
  PacketTrace::traceArp(PacketTrace::SENT, (u8 *) frame + ETH_HDR_LEN, sizeof(frame) - ETH_HDR_LEN, &USI->now);
  probe->tryno = tryno;
  probe->pingseq = pingseq;
  /* First build the probe */
  probe->setARP(frame, sizeof(frame));

  /* Now that the probe has been sent, add it to the Queue for this host */
  hss->probes_outstanding.push_back(probe);
  USI->gstats->num_probes_active++;
  hss->num_probes_active++;

  gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);
  return probe;
}

UltraProbe *sendNDScanProbe(UltraScanInfo *USI, HostScanStats *hss,
                            u8 tryno, u8 pingseq) {
  UltraProbe *probe = new UltraProbe();
  struct eth_nfo eth;
  struct eth_nfo *ethptr = NULL;
  u8 *packet = NULL;
  u32 packetlen = 0;
  struct in6_addr ns_dst_ip6;
  ns_dst_ip6 = *hss->target->v6hostip();

  if (USI->ethsd) {
    unsigned char ns_dst_mac[6] = {0x33, 0x33, 0xff};
    ns_dst_mac[3] = ns_dst_ip6.s6_addr[13];
    ns_dst_mac[4] = ns_dst_ip6.s6_addr[14];
    ns_dst_mac[5] = ns_dst_ip6.s6_addr[15];

    memcpy(eth.srcmac, hss->target->SrcMACAddress(), 6);
    memcpy(eth.dstmac, ns_dst_mac, 6);
    eth.ethsd = USI->ethsd;
    eth.devname[0] = '\0';
    ethptr = &eth;
  }

  unsigned char multicast_prefix[13] = {0};
  multicast_prefix[0] = 0xff;
  multicast_prefix[1] = 0x02;
  multicast_prefix[11] = 0x1;
  multicast_prefix[12] = 0xff;
  memcpy(&ns_dst_ip6, multicast_prefix, sizeof(multicast_prefix));

  struct sockaddr_storage source;
  struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6;
  size_t source_len;

  source_len = sizeof(source);
  hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&source, &source_len);
  sin6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *) &source;

  struct icmpv6_msg_nd ns_msg;
  ns_msg.icmpv6_flags = htons(0);
  memcpy(&ns_msg.icmpv6_target, hss->target->v6hostip(), IP6_ADDR_LEN);
  ns_msg.icmpv6_option_type = 1;
  ns_msg.icmpv6_option_length = 1;
  memcpy(&ns_msg.icmpv6_mac, hss->target->SrcMACAddress(), ETH_ADDR_LEN);

  packet = build_icmpv6_raw(&sin6->sin6_addr, &ns_dst_ip6,
                            0, 0, o.ttl, 0, 0, ICMPV6_NEIGHBOR_SOLICITATION,
                            0, (char *)&ns_msg, sizeof(ns_msg),
                            &packetlen);
  probe->sent = USI->now;
  hss->probeSent(packetlen);
  send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);

  probe->tryno = tryno;
  probe->pingseq = pingseq;
  /* First build the probe */
  probe->setND(packet, packetlen);

  free(packet);

  /* Now that the probe has been sent, add it to the Queue for this host */
  hss->probes_outstanding.push_back(probe);
  USI->gstats->num_probes_active++;
  hss->num_probes_active++;

  gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);
  return probe;
}

/* Build an appropriate protocol scan (-sO) probe for the given source and
   destination addresses and protocol. src and dst must be of the same address
   family. Returns NULL on error. */
static u8 *build_protoscan_packet(const struct sockaddr_storage *src,
                                  const struct sockaddr_storage *dst, u8 proto, u16 sport, u32 *packetlen) {
  u16 icmp_ident, ipid;
  u8 *packet;

  packet = NULL;
  *packetlen = 0;

  ipid = get_random_u16();
  /* Some hosts do not respond to ICMP requests if the identifier is 0. */
  icmp_ident = (get_random_u16() % 0xffff) + 1;

  assert(src->ss_family == dst->ss_family);

  if (src->ss_family == AF_INET) {
    const struct sockaddr_in *src_in, *dst_in;

    src_in = (struct sockaddr_in *) src;
    dst_in = (struct sockaddr_in *) dst;

    switch (proto) {
    case IPPROTO_TCP:
      packet = build_tcp_raw(&src_in->sin_addr, &dst_in->sin_addr,
                             o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false, o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                             sport, DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT, get_random_u32(), get_random_u32(), 0, TH_ACK, 0, 0, NULL, 0,
                             o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
      break;
    case IPPROTO_ICMP:
      packet = build_icmp_raw(&src_in->sin_addr, &dst_in->sin_addr,
                              o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false, o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                              0, icmp_ident, 8, 0,
                              o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
      break;
    case IPPROTO_IGMP:
      packet = build_igmp_raw(&src_in->sin_addr, &dst_in->sin_addr,
                              o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false, o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                              0x11, 0,
                              o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
      break;
    case IPPROTO_UDP:
      packet = build_udp_raw(&src_in->sin_addr, &dst_in->sin_addr,
                             o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false, o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                             sport, DEFAULT_UDP_PROBE_PORT,
                             o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
      break;
    case IPPROTO_SCTP: {
      struct sctp_chunkhdr_init chunk;

      sctp_pack_chunkhdr_init(&chunk, SCTP_INIT, 0, sizeof(chunk),
                              get_random_u32() /*itag*/, 32768, 10, 2048, get_random_u32() /*itsn*/);
      packet = build_sctp_raw(&src_in->sin_addr, &dst_in->sin_addr,
                              o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false, o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                              sport, DEFAULT_SCTP_PROBE_PORT, 0UL, (char*) &chunk, sizeof(chunk),
                              o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
    }
    break;
    default:
      packet = build_ip_raw(&src_in->sin_addr, &dst_in->sin_addr,
                            proto,
                            o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false, o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                            o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
      break;
    }
  } else if (src->ss_family == AF_INET6) {
    const struct sockaddr_in6 *src_in6, *dst_in6;

    src_in6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *) src;
    dst_in6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *) dst;

    switch (proto) {
    case IPPROTO_TCP:
      packet = build_tcp_raw_ipv6(&src_in6->sin6_addr, &dst_in6->sin6_addr,
                                  0, ipid, o.ttl,
                                  sport, DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT, get_random_u32(), get_random_u32(), 0, TH_ACK, 0, 0, NULL, 0,
                                  o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
      break;
    case IPPROTO_ICMPV6:
      packet = build_icmpv6_raw(&src_in6->sin6_addr, &dst_in6->sin6_addr,
                                0, ipid, o.ttl,
                                0, icmp_ident, ICMPV6_ECHO, ICMPV6_ECHOREPLY,
                                o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
      break;
    case IPPROTO_UDP:
      packet = build_udp_raw_ipv6(&src_in6->sin6_addr, &dst_in6->sin6_addr,
                                  0, ipid, o.ttl,
                                  sport, DEFAULT_UDP_PROBE_PORT,
                                  o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
      break;
    case IPPROTO_SCTP: {
      struct sctp_chunkhdr_init chunk;
      sctp_pack_chunkhdr_init(&chunk, SCTP_INIT, 0, sizeof(chunk),
                              get_random_u32() /*itag*/, 32768, 10, 2048, get_random_u32() /*itsn*/);
      packet = build_sctp_raw_ipv6(&src_in6->sin6_addr, &dst_in6->sin6_addr,
                                   0, ipid, o.ttl,
                                   sport, DEFAULT_SCTP_PROBE_PORT, 0UL, (char*) &chunk, sizeof(chunk),
                                   o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
    }
    break;
    default:
      packet = build_ipv6_raw(&src_in6->sin6_addr, &dst_in6->sin6_addr,
                              0, ipid, proto, o.ttl,
                              o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length, packetlen);
      break;
    }
  }

  return packet;
}

/* If this is NOT a ping probe, set pingseq to 0.  Otherwise it will be the
   ping sequence number (they start at 1).  The probe sent is returned.

   This function also handles the sending of decoys. There is no fine-grained
   control of this; all decoys are sent at once on one call of this function.
   This means that decoys do not honor any scan delay and may violate congestion
   control limits. */
UltraProbe *sendIPScanProbe(UltraScanInfo *USI, HostScanStats *hss,
                            const probespec *pspec, u8 tryno, u8 pingseq) {
  u8 *packet = NULL;
  u32 packetlen = 0;
  UltraProbe *probe = new UltraProbe();
  int decoy = 0;
  u32 seq = 0;
  u32 ack = 0;
  u16 sport;
  u16 ipid = get_random_u16();
  struct eth_nfo eth;
  struct eth_nfo *ethptr = NULL;
  u8 *tcpops = NULL;
  u16 tcpopslen = 0;
  u32 vtag = 0;
  char *chunk = NULL;
  int chunklen = 0;
  /* Some hosts do not respond to ICMP requests if the identifier is 0. */
  u16 icmp_ident = (get_random_u16() % 0xffff) + 1;

  if (USI->ethsd) {
    memcpy(eth.srcmac, hss->target->SrcMACAddress(), 6);
    memcpy(eth.dstmac, hss->target->NextHopMACAddress(), 6);
    eth.ethsd = USI->ethsd;
    eth.devname[0] = '\0';
    ethptr = &eth;
  }

  if (o.magic_port_set)
    sport = o.magic_port;
  else
    sport = sport_encode(USI, base_port, tryno, pingseq);

  probe->tryno = tryno;
  probe->pingseq = pingseq;
  /* First build the probe */
  if (pspec->type == PS_TCP) {
    assert(USI->scantype != CONNECT_SCAN);

    /* Normally we encode the tryno and pingseq in the SEQ field, because that
       comes back (possibly incremented) in the ACK field of responses. But if
       our probe has the ACK flag set, the response reflects our own ACK number
       instead. */
    if (pspec->pd.tcp.flags & TH_ACK)
      ack = seq32_encode(USI, tryno, pingseq);
    else
      seq = seq32_encode(USI, tryno, pingseq);

    if (pspec->pd.tcp.flags & TH_SYN) {
      tcpops = (u8 *) TCP_SYN_PROBE_OPTIONS;
      tcpopslen = TCP_SYN_PROBE_OPTIONS_LEN;
    }

    if (hss->target->af() == AF_INET) {
      for (decoy = 0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
        packet = build_tcp_raw(&((struct sockaddr_in *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin_addr, hss->target->v4hostip(),
                               o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false,
                               o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                               sport, pspec->pd.tcp.dport,
                               seq, ack, 0, pspec->pd.tcp.flags, 0, 0,
                               tcpops, tcpopslen,
                               o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length,
                               &packetlen);
        if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
          probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
          probe->sent = USI->now;
        }
        hss->probeSent(packetlen);
        send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
        free(packet);
      }
    } else if (hss->target->af() == AF_INET6) {
      for (decoy = 0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
        packet = build_tcp_raw_ipv6(&((struct sockaddr_in6 *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin6_addr, hss->target->v6hostip(),
                                  0, 0, o.ttl, sport, pspec->pd.tcp.dport,
                                  seq, ack, 0, pspec->pd.tcp.flags, 0, 0,
                                  tcpops, tcpopslen,
                                  o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length,
                                  &packetlen);
        if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
          probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
          probe->sent = USI->now;
        }
        hss->probeSent(packetlen);
        send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
        free(packet);
      }
    }
  } else if (pspec->type == PS_UDP) {
    const char *payload;
    size_t payload_length;

    payload = get_udp_payload(pspec->pd.udp.dport, &payload_length);

    if (hss->target->af() == AF_INET) {
      for (decoy = 0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
        packet = build_udp_raw(&((struct sockaddr_in *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin_addr, hss->target->v4hostip(),
                               o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false,
                               o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                               sport, pspec->pd.udp.dport,
                               (char *) payload, payload_length,
                               &packetlen);
        if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
          probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
          probe->sent = USI->now;
        }
        hss->probeSent(packetlen);
        send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
        free(packet);
      }
    } else if (hss->target->af() == AF_INET6) {
      for (decoy = 0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
        packet = build_udp_raw_ipv6(&((struct sockaddr_in6 *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin6_addr, hss->target->v6hostip(),
                                  0, 0, o.ttl, sport, pspec->pd.tcp.dport,
                                  (char *) payload, payload_length,
                                  &packetlen);
        if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
          probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
          probe->sent = USI->now;
        }
        hss->probeSent(packetlen);
        send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
        free(packet);
      }
    }
  } else if (pspec->type == PS_SCTP) {
    switch (pspec->pd.sctp.chunktype) {
    case SCTP_INIT:
      chunklen = sizeof(struct sctp_chunkhdr_init);
      chunk = (char*)safe_malloc(chunklen);
      sctp_pack_chunkhdr_init(chunk, SCTP_INIT, 0, chunklen,
                              get_random_u32()/*itag*/,
                              32768, 10, 2048,
                              get_random_u32()/*itsn*/);
      vtag = 0;
      break;
    case SCTP_COOKIE_ECHO:
      chunklen = sizeof(struct sctp_chunkhdr_cookie_echo) + 4;
      chunk = (char*)safe_malloc(chunklen);
      *((u32*)((char*)chunk + sizeof(struct sctp_chunkhdr_cookie_echo))) =
        get_random_u32();
      sctp_pack_chunkhdr_cookie_echo(chunk, SCTP_COOKIE_ECHO, 0, chunklen);
      vtag = get_random_u32();
      break;
    default:
      assert(0);
    }
    if (hss->target->af() == AF_INET) {
      for (decoy = 0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
        packet = build_sctp_raw(&((struct sockaddr_in *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin_addr, hss->target->v4hostip(),
                                o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false,
                                o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                                sport, pspec->pd.sctp.dport,
                                vtag, chunk, chunklen,
                                o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length,
                                &packetlen);
        if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
          probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
          probe->sent = USI->now;
        }
        hss->probeSent(packetlen);
        send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
        free(packet);
      }
    } else if (hss->target->af() == AF_INET6) {
      for (decoy = 0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
        packet = build_sctp_raw_ipv6(&((struct sockaddr_in6 *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin6_addr, hss->target->v6hostip(),
                                   0, 0, o.ttl, sport, pspec->pd.sctp.dport,
                                   vtag, chunk, chunklen,
                                   o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length,
                                   &packetlen);
        if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
          probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
          probe->sent = USI->now;
        }
        hss->probeSent(packetlen);
        send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
        free(packet);
      }
    }
    free(chunk);
  } else if (pspec->type == PS_PROTO) {
    if (hss->target->af() == AF_INET) {
      struct sockaddr_storage ss;
      struct sockaddr_in *sin;

      sin = (struct sockaddr_in *) &ss;
      sin->sin_family = AF_INET;

      for (decoy = 0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
        sin->sin_addr = ((struct sockaddr_in *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin_addr;
        packet = build_protoscan_packet(&ss, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(),
                                        pspec->proto, sport, &packetlen);
        assert(packet != NULL);
        if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
          probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
          probe->sent = USI->now;
        }
        hss->probeSent(packetlen);
        send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
        free(packet);
      }
    } else if (hss->target->af() == AF_INET6) {
      struct sockaddr_storage ss;
      struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6;

      sin6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *) &ss;
      sin6->sin6_family = AF_INET6;

      for (decoy = 0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
        sin6->sin6_addr = ((struct sockaddr_in6 *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin6_addr;
        packet = build_protoscan_packet(&ss, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(),
                                      pspec->proto, sport, &packetlen);
        assert(packet != NULL);
        if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
          probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
          probe->sent = USI->now;
        }
        hss->probeSent(packetlen);
        send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
        free(packet);
      }
    }
  } else if (pspec->type == PS_ICMP) {
    for (decoy = 0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
      packet = build_icmp_raw(&((struct sockaddr_in *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin_addr, hss->target->v4hostip(),
                              o.ttl, ipid, IP_TOS_DEFAULT, false,
                              o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen,
                              0, icmp_ident, pspec->pd.icmp.type, pspec->pd.icmp.code,
                              o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length,
                              &packetlen);
      if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
        probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
        probe->sent = USI->now;
      }
      hss->probeSent(packetlen);
      send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
      free(packet);
    }
  } else if (pspec->type == PS_ICMPV6) {
    for (decoy =0; decoy < o.numdecoys; decoy++) {
      packet = build_icmpv6_raw(&((struct sockaddr_in6 *)&o.decoys[decoy])->sin6_addr, hss->target->v6hostip(),
                              0, 0, o.ttl, 0, icmp_ident, pspec->pd.icmpv6.type,
                              pspec->pd.icmpv6.code, o.extra_payload,
                              o.extra_payload_length,
                              &packetlen);
      if (decoy == o.decoyturn) {
        probe->setIP(packet, packetlen, pspec);
        probe->sent = USI->now;
      }
      hss->probeSent(packetlen);
      send_ip_packet(USI->rawsd, ethptr, hss->target->TargetSockAddr(), packet, packetlen);
      free(packet);
    }
  } else assert(0);

  /* Now that the probe has been sent, add it to the Queue for this host */
  hss->probes_outstanding.push_back(probe);
  USI->gstats->num_probes_active++;
  hss->num_probes_active++;

  gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);
  return probe;
}

/* Tries to get one *good* (finishes a probe) ARP response with pcap
   by the (absolute) time given in stime.  Even if stime is now, try
   an ultra-quick pcap read just in case.  Returns true if a "good"
   result was found, false if it timed out instead. */
bool get_arp_result(UltraScanInfo *USI, struct timeval *stime) {
  long to_usec;
  int rc;
  u8 rcvdmac[6];
  struct in_addr rcvdIP;
  struct timeval rcvdtime, fudgedsenttime;
  bool timedout = false;
  struct sockaddr_in sin;
  HostScanStats *hss = NULL;
  std::list<UltraProbe *>::iterator probeI;
  int gotone = 0;

  gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);

  do {
    to_usec = TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(*stime, USI->now);
    if (to_usec < 2000)
      to_usec = 2000;
    rc = read_arp_reply_pcap(USI->pd, rcvdmac, &rcvdIP, to_usec, &rcvdtime, PacketTrace::traceArp);
    gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);
    if (rc == -1)
      fatal("Received -1 response from read_arp_reply_pcap");
    if (rc == 0) {
      if (TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(*stime, USI->now) < 0) {
        timedout = true;
        break;
      } else {
        continue;
      }
    }
    if (rc == 1) {
      if (TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(USI->now, *stime) > 200000) {
        /* While packets are still being received, I'll be generous
           and give an extra 1/5 sec.  But we have to draw the line
           somewhere.  Hopefully this response will be a keeper so it
           won't matter.  */
        timedout = true;
      }

      /* Yay, I got one.  Find whether I asked for it */
      /* Search for this host on the incomplete list */
      memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));
      sin.sin_addr.s_addr = rcvdIP.s_addr;
      sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
      hss = USI->findHost((struct sockaddr_storage *) &sin);
      if (!hss)
        continue;
      /* Add found HW address for target */
      hss->target->setMACAddress(rcvdmac);
      hss->target->reason.reason_id = ER_ARPRESPONSE;

      if (hss->probes_outstanding.empty()) {
        /* It's up because we got a response, but doesn't count as a response
         * within this timeout window. Go around again. */
        hss->target->flags = HOST_UP;
        continue;
      }
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      do {
        /* Delay in libpcap could mean we sent another probe *after* this
         * response was received. Search back for the last probe before rcvdtime. */
        probeI--;
        /* If the response came just a hair (<25ms) after the probe was sent, it's
         * probably a response to an earlier probe instead. Keep looking. */
        TIMEVAL_MSEC_ADD(fudgedsenttime, (*probeI)->sent, INITIAL_ARP_RTT_TIMEOUT / 8);
      } while (TIMEVAL_AFTER(fudgedsenttime, rcvdtime) && probeI != hss->probes_outstanding.begin());
      ultrascan_host_probe_update(USI, hss, probeI, HOST_UP, &rcvdtime);
      /* Now that we know the host is up, we can forget our other probes. */
      hss->destroyAllOutstandingProbes();
      gotone = 1;
      //      printf("Marked host %s as up!", hss->target->NameIP());
      break;
    }
  } while (!timedout);

  return gotone;
}

bool get_ns_result(UltraScanInfo *USI, struct timeval *stime) {
  long to_usec;
  int rc;
  u8 rcvdmac[6];
  struct sockaddr_in6 rcvdIP;
  struct timeval rcvdtime, fudgedsenttime;
  bool timedout = false;
  bool has_mac = false;
  struct sockaddr_in6 sin6;
  HostScanStats *hss = NULL;
  std::list<UltraProbe *>::iterator probeI;
  int gotone = 0;

  gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);

  do {
    to_usec = TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(*stime, USI->now);
    if (to_usec < 2000)
      to_usec = 2000;
    rc = read_ns_reply_pcap(USI->pd, rcvdmac, &rcvdIP, to_usec, &rcvdtime, &has_mac, PacketTrace::traceND);
    gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);
    if (rc == -1)
      fatal("Received -1 response from read_arp_reply_pcap");
    if (rc == 0) {
      if (TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(*stime, USI->now) < 0) {
        timedout = true;
        break;
      } else {
        continue;
      }
    }
    if (rc == 1) {
      if (TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(USI->now, *stime) > 200000) {
        /* While packets are still being received, I'll be generous
           and give an extra 1/5 sec.  But we have to draw the line
           somewhere.  Hopefully this response will be a keeper so it
           won't matter.  */
        timedout = true;
      }

      /* Yay, I got one.  Find whether I asked for it */
      /* Search for this host on the incomplete list */
      memset(&sin6, 0, sizeof(sin6));
      sin6.sin6_addr = rcvdIP.sin6_addr;
      sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
      hss = USI->findHost((struct sockaddr_storage *) &sin6);
      if (!hss)
        continue;
      /* Add found HW address for target */
      /* A Neighbor Advertisement packet may not include the Target link-layer address. */
      if (has_mac)
        hss->target->setMACAddress(rcvdmac);
      hss->target->reason.reason_id = ER_NDRESPONSE;

      if (hss->probes_outstanding.empty()) {
        /* It's up because we got a response, but doesn't count as a response
         * within this timeout window. Go around again. */
        hss->target->flags = HOST_UP;
        continue;
      }
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      do {
        /* Delay in libpcap could mean we sent another probe *after* this
         * response was received. Search back for the last probe before rcvdtime. */
        probeI--;
        /* If the response came just a hair (<25ms) after the probe was sent, it's
         * probably a response to an earlier probe instead. Keep looking. */
        TIMEVAL_MSEC_ADD(fudgedsenttime, (*probeI)->sent, INITIAL_ARP_RTT_TIMEOUT / 8);
      } while (TIMEVAL_AFTER(fudgedsenttime, rcvdtime) && probeI != hss->probes_outstanding.begin());
      ultrascan_host_probe_update(USI, hss, probeI, HOST_UP, &rcvdtime);
      /* Now that we know the host is up, we can forget our other probes. */
      hss->destroyAllOutstandingProbes();
      /* TODO: Set target mac */
      gotone = 1;
      //      printf("Marked host %s as up!", hss->target->NameIP());
      break;
    }
  } while (!timedout);

  return gotone;
}

/* Tries to get one *good* (finishes a probe) pcap response by the
   (absolute) time given in stime.  Even if stime is now, try an
   ultra-quick pcap read just in case.  Returns true if a "good" result
   was found, false if it timed out instead. */
bool get_pcap_result(UltraScanInfo *USI, struct timeval *stime) {
  bool goodone = false;
  bool timedout = false;
  bool adjust_timing = true;
  struct timeval rcvdtime;
  struct link_header linkhdr;
  unsigned int bytes;
  long to_usec;
  HostScanStats *hss = NULL;
  std::list<UltraProbe *>::iterator probeI;
  UltraProbe *probe = NULL;
  int newstate = PORT_UNKNOWN;
  unsigned int probenum;
  unsigned int listsz;
  /* Static so that we can detect an ICMP response now, then add it later when
     the icmp probe is made */
  static bool protoscanicmphack = false;
  static struct sockaddr_storage protoscanicmphackaddy;
  reason_t current_reason = ER_NORESPONSE;
  struct sockaddr_storage reason_sip = { AF_UNSPEC };

  const void *data = NULL;
  unsigned int datalen;
  struct abstract_ip_hdr hdr;

  gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);

  do {
    struct ip *ip_tmp;

    to_usec = TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(*stime, USI->now);
    if (to_usec < 2000)
      to_usec = 2000;
    ip_tmp = (struct ip *) readip_pcap(USI->pd, &bytes, to_usec, &rcvdtime, &linkhdr, true);
    gettimeofday(&USI->now, NULL);
    if (!ip_tmp && TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(*stime, USI->now) < 0) {
      timedout = true;
      break;
    } else if (!ip_tmp)
      continue;

    if (TIMEVAL_SUBTRACT(USI->now, *stime) > 200000) {
      /* While packets are still being received, I'll be generous and give
      an extra 1/5 sec.  But we have to draw the line somewhere */
      timedout = true;
    }

    struct sockaddr_storage target_src, target_dst;
    size_t ss_len;

    datalen = bytes;
    data = ip_get_data(ip_tmp, &datalen, &hdr);
    if (data == NULL)
      continue;

    if (USI->prot_scan) {
      hss = USI->findHost(&hdr.src);
      if (hss) {
        setTargetMACIfAvailable(hss->target, &linkhdr, &hdr.src, 0);
        if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP) {
          protoscanicmphack = true;
          protoscanicmphackaddy = hdr.src;
        } else {
          probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
          listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();
          goodone = false;
          for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
            probeI--;
            probe = *probeI;

            if (probe->protocol() == hdr.proto) {
              /* if this is our probe we sent to localhost, then it doesn't count! */
              if (sockaddr_storage_cmp(&hdr.src, &hdr.dst) == 0 &&
                  probe->ipid() == hdr.ipid)
                break;

              /* We got a packet from the dst host in the protocol we looked for, and
              it wasn't our probe to ourselves, so it must be open */
              newstate = PORT_OPEN;
              current_reason = ER_PROTORESPONSE;
              goodone = true;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

    if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_TCP && !USI->prot_scan) {
      struct tcp_hdr *tcp = (struct tcp_hdr *) data;
      /* Now ensure this host is even in the incomplete list */
      hss = USI->findHost(&hdr.src);
      if (!hss)
        continue; // Not from a host that interests us
      setTargetMACIfAvailable(hss->target, &linkhdr, &hdr.src, 0);
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();

      goodone = false;

      /* Find the probe that provoked this response. */
      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;

        if (!tcp_probe_match(USI, probe, hss, tcp, &hdr.src, &hdr.dst, hdr.ipid))
          continue;

        if (!probe->isPing()) {
          /* Now that response has been matched to a probe, I interpret it */
          if (USI->scantype == SYN_SCAN && (tcp->th_flags & (TH_SYN | TH_ACK)) == (TH_SYN | TH_ACK)) {
            /* Yeah!  An open port */
            newstate = PORT_OPEN;
            current_reason = ER_SYNACK;
          } else if (tcp->th_flags & TH_RST) {
            current_reason = ER_RESETPEER;
            if (USI->scantype == WINDOW_SCAN ) {
              newstate = (tcp->th_win) ? PORT_OPEN : PORT_CLOSED;
            } else if (USI->scantype == ACK_SCAN) {
              newstate = PORT_UNFILTERED;
            } else newstate = PORT_CLOSED;
          } else if (USI->scantype == SYN_SCAN && (tcp->th_flags & TH_SYN)) {
            /* A SYN from a TCP Split Handshake - https://nmap.org/misc/split-handshake.pdf - open port */
            newstate = PORT_OPEN;
            current_reason = ER_SYN;
          } else {
            if (o.debugging)
              error("Received scan response with unexpected TCP flags: %d", tcp->th_flags);
            break;
          }
        }

        goodone = true;
      }
    } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_SCTP && !USI->prot_scan) {
      struct sctp_hdr *sctp = (struct sctp_hdr *) data;
      struct dnet_sctp_chunkhdr *chunk = (struct dnet_sctp_chunkhdr *) ((u8 *) sctp + 12);

      /* Now ensure this host is even in the incomplete list */
      hss = USI->findHost(&hdr.src);
      if (!hss)
        continue; // Not from a host that interests us
      setTargetMACIfAvailable(hss->target, &linkhdr, &hdr.src, 0);
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();

      goodone = false;

      ss_len = sizeof(target_src);
      hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&target_src, &ss_len);

      /* Find the probe that provoked this response. */
      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;

        if (probe->protocol() != IPPROTO_SCTP)
          continue;
        /* Ensure the connection info matches. */
        if (probe->dport() != ntohs(sctp->sh_sport)
            || probe->sport() != ntohs(sctp->sh_dport)
            || sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_src, &hdr.dst) != 0)
          continue;

        /* Sometimes we get false results when scanning localhost with
           -p- because we scan localhost with src port = dst port and
           see our outgoing packet and think it is a response. */
        if (probe->dport() == probe->sport() &&
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&hdr.src, &hdr.dst) == 0 &&
            probe->ipid() == hdr.ipid)
          continue; /* We saw the packet we ourselves sent */

        if (!probe->isPing()) {
          /* Now that response has been matched to a probe, I interpret it */
          if (USI->scantype == SCTP_INIT_SCAN) {
            if (chunk->sch_type == SCTP_INIT_ACK) {
              newstate = PORT_OPEN;
              current_reason = ER_INITACK;
            } else if (chunk->sch_type == SCTP_ABORT) {
              newstate = PORT_CLOSED;
              current_reason = ER_ABORT;
            } else {
              if (o.debugging)
                error("Received response with unexpected SCTP chunks: %02x",
                      chunk->sch_type);
              break;
            }
          } else if (USI->scantype == SCTP_COOKIE_ECHO_SCAN) {
            if (chunk->sch_type == SCTP_ABORT) {
              newstate = PORT_CLOSED;
              current_reason = ER_ABORT;
            } else {
              if (o.debugging)
                error("Received response with unexpected SCTP chunks: %02x",
                      chunk->sch_type);
              break;
            }
          }
        }

        goodone = true;
      }
    } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP) {
      const void *encaps_data;
      unsigned int encaps_len;
      struct abstract_ip_hdr encaps_hdr;
      struct icmp *icmp = NULL;

      icmp = (struct icmp *) data;

      if (datalen < 8)
        continue;
      if (icmp->icmp_type != 3 && icmp->icmp_type != 11)
        continue;

      encaps_len = datalen - 8;
      encaps_data = ip_get_data((char *) data + 8, &encaps_len, &encaps_hdr);
      if (encaps_data == NULL ||
          /* UDP hdr, or TCP hdr up to seq #, or SCTP hdr up to vtag */
          ((USI->tcp_scan || USI->udp_scan || USI->sctp_scan) && encaps_len < 8)
          /* prot scan has no headers coming back, so we don't reserve the
          8 extra bytes */
         ) {
        if (o.debugging)
          error("Received short ICMP packet (%u bytes)", datalen);
        continue;
      }

      /* Make sure the protocol is right */
      if (USI->tcp_scan && encaps_hdr.proto != IPPROTO_TCP)
        continue;

      if (USI->udp_scan && encaps_hdr.proto != IPPROTO_UDP)
        continue;

      if (USI->sctp_scan && encaps_hdr.proto != IPPROTO_SCTP)
        continue;

      /* ensure this packet relates to a packet to the host
      we are scanning ... */
      hss = USI->findHost(&encaps_hdr.dst);
      if (!hss)
        continue; // Not from a host that interests us
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();

      ss_len = sizeof(target_src);
      hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&target_src, &ss_len);
      ss_len = sizeof(target_dst);
      hss->target->TargetSockAddr(&target_dst, &ss_len);

      goodone = false;
      /* Find the matching probe */
      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;
        if (probe->protocol() != encaps_hdr.proto ||
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_src, &encaps_hdr.src) != 0 ||
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &encaps_hdr.dst) != 0)
          continue;

        if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_TCP && !USI->prot_scan) {
          struct tcp_hdr *tcp = (struct tcp_hdr *) encaps_data;
          if (ntohs(tcp->th_sport) != probe->sport() ||
              ntohs(tcp->th_dport) != probe->dport() ||
              ntohl(tcp->th_seq) != probe->tcpseq())
            continue;
        } else if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_SCTP && !USI->prot_scan) {
          struct sctp_hdr *sctp = (struct sctp_hdr *) encaps_data;
          if (ntohs(sctp->sh_sport) != probe->sport() ||
              ntohs(sctp->sh_dport) != probe->dport() ||
              ntohl(sctp->sh_vtag) != probe->sctpvtag())
            continue;
        } else if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_UDP && !USI->prot_scan) {
          /* TODO: IPID verification */
          struct udp_hdr *udp = (struct udp_hdr *) encaps_data;
          if (ntohs(udp->uh_sport) != probe->sport() ||
              ntohs(udp->uh_dport) != probe->dport())
            continue;
        } else if (!USI->prot_scan) {
          assert(0);
        }

        if (icmp->icmp_type == 3) {
          switch (icmp->icmp_code) {
          case 0: /* Network unreachable */
            newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case 1: /* Host Unreachable */
            newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case 2: /* protocol unreachable */
            if (USI->scantype == IPPROT_SCAN &&
                sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &hdr.src) == 0) {
              newstate = PORT_CLOSED;
            } else
              newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case 3: /* Port unreach */
            if (USI->scantype == UDP_SCAN &&
                sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &hdr.src) == 0)
              newstate = PORT_CLOSED;
            else if (USI->scantype == IPPROT_SCAN &&
                     sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &hdr.src) == 0)
              newstate = PORT_OPEN;
            else
              newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case 9: /* dest. net admin prohibited */
          case 10: /* dest host admin prohibited */
          case 13: /* communication admin. prohibited */
            newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;

          default:
            error("Unexpected ICMP type/code 3/%d unreachable packet:\n",
                  icmp->icmp_code);
            nmap_hexdump((unsigned char *)icmp, datalen);
            break;
          }
          current_reason = icmp_to_reason(hdr.proto, icmp->icmp_type, icmp->icmp_code);
          if (newstate == PORT_UNKNOWN)
            break;
          goodone = true;
        }
        else if (icmp->icmp_type == 11) { /* ICMP Time Exceeded */
          newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
          current_reason = icmp_to_reason(hdr.proto, icmp->icmp_type, icmp->icmp_code);
          goodone = true;
        }
      }
    } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6) {
      const void *encaps_data;
      unsigned int encaps_len;
      struct abstract_ip_hdr encaps_hdr;
      const struct icmpv6_hdr *icmpv6;

      icmpv6 = (struct icmpv6_hdr *) data;

      if (datalen < 8)
        continue;
      if (!(icmpv6->icmpv6_type == ICMPV6_UNREACH || icmpv6->icmpv6_type == ICMPV6_PARAMPROBLEM))
        continue;

      encaps_len = datalen - 8;
      encaps_data = ip_get_data_any((char *) data + 8, &encaps_len, &encaps_hdr);
      if (encaps_data == NULL ||
          /* UDP hdr, or TCP hdr up to seq #, or SCTP hdr up to vtag */
          ((USI->tcp_scan || USI->udp_scan || USI->sctp_scan) && encaps_len < 8)
          /* prot scan has no headers coming back, so we don't reserve the
             8 extra bytes */
         ) {
        if (o.debugging)
          error("Received short ICMPv6 packet (%u bytes)", datalen);
        continue;
      }

      /* Make sure the protocol is right */
      if (USI->tcp_scan && encaps_hdr.proto != IPPROTO_TCP)
        continue;

      if (USI->udp_scan && encaps_hdr.proto != IPPROTO_UDP)
        continue;

      if (USI->sctp_scan && encaps_hdr.proto != IPPROTO_SCTP)
        continue;

      /* ensure this packet relates to a packet to the host
      we are scanning ... */
      hss = USI->findHost(&encaps_hdr.dst);
      if (!hss)
        continue; // Not from a host that interests us
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();

      ss_len = sizeof(target_src);
      hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&target_src, &ss_len);
      ss_len = sizeof(target_dst);
      hss->target->TargetSockAddr(&target_dst, &ss_len);

      goodone = false;
      /* Find the matching probe */
      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;
        if (probe->protocol() != encaps_hdr.proto ||
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_src, &encaps_hdr.src) != 0 ||
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &encaps_hdr.dst) != 0)
          continue;

        if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_TCP && !USI->prot_scan) {
          struct tcp_hdr *tcp = (struct tcp_hdr *) encaps_data;
          if (ntohs(tcp->th_sport) != probe->sport() ||
              ntohs(tcp->th_dport) != probe->dport() ||
              ntohl(tcp->th_seq) != probe->tcpseq())
            continue;
        } else if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_SCTP && !USI->prot_scan) {
          struct sctp_hdr *sctp = (struct sctp_hdr *) encaps_data;
          if (ntohs(sctp->sh_sport) != probe->sport() ||
              ntohs(sctp->sh_dport) != probe->dport() ||
              ntohl(sctp->sh_vtag) != probe->sctpvtag())
            continue;
        } else if (encaps_hdr.proto == IPPROTO_UDP && !USI->prot_scan) {
          /* TODO: IPID verification */
          struct udp_hdr *udp = (struct udp_hdr *) encaps_data;
          if (ntohs(udp->uh_sport) != probe->sport() ||
              ntohs(udp->uh_dport) != probe->dport())
            continue;
        } else if (!USI->prot_scan) {
          assert(0);
        }

        if (icmpv6->icmpv6_type == ICMPV6_UNREACH) {
          switch (icmpv6->icmpv6_code) {
          case ICMPV6_UNREACH_NOROUTE:
            current_reason = ER_NOROUTE;
            newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case ICMPV6_UNREACH_PROHIB:
            current_reason = ER_ADMINPROHIBITED;
            newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case ICMPV6_UNREACH_SCOPE:
            current_reason = ER_BEYONDSCOPE;
            newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case ICMPV6_UNREACH_ADDR:
            current_reason = ER_HOSTUNREACH;
            newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case ICMPV6_UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB:
            current_reason = ER_ADMINPROHIBITED;
            newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case ICMPV6_UNREACH_REJECT_ROUTE:
            current_reason = ER_REJECTROUTE;
            newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          case ICMPV6_UNREACH_PORT:
            current_reason = ER_PORTUNREACH;
            if (USI->scantype == UDP_SCAN &&
                sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &hdr.src) == 0)
              newstate = PORT_CLOSED;
            else if (USI->scantype == IPPROT_SCAN &&
                     sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &hdr.src) == 0)
              newstate = PORT_OPEN;
            else
              newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            break;
          default:
            error("Unexpected ICMPv6 type/code %d/%d unreachable packet:\n",
                  icmpv6->icmpv6_type, icmpv6->icmpv6_code);
            nmap_hexdump((unsigned char *)icmpv6, datalen);
            break;
          }
        } else if (icmpv6->icmpv6_type == ICMPV6_PARAMPROBLEM) {
          switch (icmpv6->icmpv6_code) {
          case ICMPV6_PARAMPROBLEM_FIELD:
            /* "Erroneous header field encountered" means it was understood,
               just invalid. */
            newstate = PORT_OPEN;
            break;
          case ICMPV6_PARAMPROBLEM_NEXTHEADER:
            if (USI->scantype == IPPROT_SCAN &&
                sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_dst, &hdr.src) == 0) {
              newstate = PORT_CLOSED;
            } else {
              newstate = PORT_FILTERED;
            }
            break;
          default:
            error("Unexpected ICMPv6 type/code %d/%d unreachable packet:\n",
                  icmpv6->icmpv6_type, icmpv6->icmpv6_code);
            nmap_hexdump((unsigned char *)icmpv6, datalen);
            break;
          }
        } else {
          error("Unexpected ICMPv6 type/code %d/%d unreachable packet:\n",
                icmpv6->icmpv6_type, icmpv6->icmpv6_code);
          nmap_hexdump((unsigned char *)icmpv6, datalen);
          break;
        }
        current_reason = icmp_to_reason(hdr.proto, icmpv6->icmpv6_type, icmpv6->icmpv6_code);
        if (newstate == PORT_UNKNOWN)
          break;
        goodone = true;
      }
    } else if (hdr.proto == IPPROTO_UDP && !USI->prot_scan) {
      struct udp_hdr *udp = (struct udp_hdr *) data;

      /* Search for this host on the incomplete list */
      hss = USI->findHost(&hdr.src);
      if (!hss)
        continue; // Not from a host that interests us
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();
      ss_len = sizeof(target_src);
      hss->target->SourceSockAddr(&target_src, &ss_len);

      goodone = false;

      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz && !goodone; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;
        newstate = PORT_UNKNOWN;

        if (probe->protocol() != IPPROTO_UDP)
          continue;

        /* Ensure the connection info matches. */
        if (probe->dport() != ntohs(udp->uh_sport) ||
            probe->sport() != ntohs(udp->uh_dport) ||
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&target_src, &hdr.dst) != 0)
          continue;

        /* Sometimes we get false results when scanning localhost with
           -p- because we scan localhost with src port = dst port and
           see our outgoing packet and think it is a response. */
        if (probe->dport() == probe->sport() &&
            sockaddr_storage_cmp(&hdr.src, &hdr.dst) == 0 &&
            probe->ipid() == hdr.ipid)
          continue; /* We saw the packet we ourselves sent */

        newstate = PORT_OPEN;
        current_reason = ER_UDPRESPONSE;
        goodone = true;
      }
    } else continue; /* Unexpected protocol */
  } while (!goodone && !timedout);

  if (goodone) {
    struct sockaddr_storage target_dst;
    size_t ss_len;

    ss_len = sizeof(target_dst);
    hss->target->TargetSockAddr(&target_dst, &ss_len);

    if (sockaddr_storage_cmp(&hdr.src, &target_dst) == 0)
      reason_sip.ss_family = AF_UNSPEC;
    else
      reason_sip = hdr.src;
    if (probe->isPing())
      ultrascan_ping_update(USI, hss, probeI, &rcvdtime, adjust_timing);
    else {
      /* Save these values so we can use them after ultrascan_port_probe_update
         deletes probe. */
      u8 protocol = probe->protocol();
      u16 dport = probe->dport();

      ultrascan_port_probe_update(USI, hss, probeI, newstate, &rcvdtime, adjust_timing);
      if (USI->prot_scan)
        hss->target->ports.setStateReason(protocol, IPPROTO_IP,
                                          current_reason, hdr.ttl, &reason_sip);
      else
        hss->target->ports.setStateReason(dport, protocol,
                                          current_reason, hdr.ttl, &reason_sip);
    }
  }

  /* If protoicmphack is true, we are doing an IP proto scan and
     discovered that ICMP is open.  This has to be done separately
     because an ICMP response ALSO frequently shows that some other
     protocol is closed/filtered.  So we let that other protocol stuff
     go first, then handle it here */
  if (protoscanicmphack) {
    hss = USI->findHost((struct sockaddr_storage *) &protoscanicmphackaddy);
    if (hss) {
      probeI = hss->probes_outstanding.end();
      listsz = hss->num_probes_outstanding();

      for (probenum = 0; probenum < listsz; probenum++) {
        probeI--;
        probe = *probeI;

        if (probe->protocol() == IPPROTO_ICMP) {
          if (probe->isPing())
            ultrascan_ping_update(USI, hss, probeI, &rcvdtime, adjust_timing);
          else {
            struct icmp *icmp = (struct icmp *) data;
            ultrascan_port_probe_update(USI, hss, probeI, PORT_OPEN, &rcvdtime, adjust_timing);
            if (sockaddr_storage_cmp(&hdr.src, &protoscanicmphackaddy) == 0)
              reason_sip.ss_family = AF_UNSPEC;
            else
              reason_sip = hdr.src;
            if (!icmp->icmp_code && !icmp->icmp_type)
              hss->target->ports.setStateReason(IPPROTO_ICMP, IPPROTO_IP, ER_ECHOREPLY,
                                                hdr.ttl, &reason_sip);
            else
              hss->target->ports.setStateReason(IPPROTO_ICMP, IPPROTO_IP, icmp_to_reason(hdr.proto, icmp->icmp_type, icmp->icmp_code),
                                                hdr.ttl, &reason_sip);
          }
          if (!goodone)
            goodone = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      protoscanicmphack = false;
    }
  }

  return goodone;
}
